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Gender Stereotyping
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About Gender Stereotyping
Scale Name
Gender Stereotyping
Author Details
Barrie Gunter and J. Malcolm Wober
Translation Availability
English
Background/Description
The Gender Stereotyping scale, developed by Barrie Gunter and J. Malcolm Wober in 1982, is a self-report questionnaire designed to measure gender stereotyping, specifically attitudes toward traditional gender roles in the context of relationships and responsibilities. The scale was originally created to examine how media exposure shapes gender-related beliefs but was adapted for use in psychological research to assess stereotyping among African-American males aged 12-16, as cited in Foshee and Bauman (1992). Targeting adolescents in urban settings, the scale explores beliefs about gender-specific roles (e.g., men as providers, women as caregivers) that may influence interpersonal behaviors, including dating violence or social interactions. Its development aligns with social learning theory, which posits that stereotypes are learned through socialization and media.
The scale comprises items (exact number not specified, but typically 10-15 based on similar measures) rated on a Likert-type scale (e.g., 1 = “strongly disagree” to 4 or 5 = “strongly agree”), assessing agreement with statements about gender roles (e.g., “Men should make the important decisions in a relationship”). Higher scores indicate stronger endorsement of traditional gender stereotypes. Validated in a high-risk urban sample, the scale is particularly relevant for studying how stereotyping contributes to behaviors like aggression or inequitable relationship dynamics. Its low internal consistency (0.55) suggests limitations in item cohesion, possibly due to cultural response patterns or the broad nature of gender beliefs.
Psychologists, educators, and researchers use the scale to identify gender-related attitudes, inform interventions addressing toxic masculinity or dating violence (e.g., Safe Dates), and evaluate programs promoting gender equity. Its English-only availability, specific demographic focus, and modest reliability limit its broader use, but it remains a context-specific tool for studying adolescent attitudes in urban settings.
Administration, Scoring and Interpretation
- Obtain a copy of the Gender Stereotyping scale from primary sources, such as Gunter and Wober (1982) or Foshee and Bauman (1992) in Journal of Early Adolescence, or authorized research archives, ensuring ethical use permissions.
- Explain the purpose to respondents, noting that it assesses beliefs about gender roles to understand social attitudes, emphasizing confidentiality.
- Provide instructions, asking respondents to rate each item based on their agreement with statements about gender roles in relationships and responsibilities, using the Likert scale, typically reflecting current attitudes.
- Approximate time for completion is about 5-7 minutes, depending on the number of items and respondents’ reading ability.
- Administer in a classroom, community center, or research setting, using paper or digital formats, ensuring a private environment to encourage honest responses.
Reliability and Validity
The Gender Stereotyping scale has limited psychometric rigor, as noted by Foshee and Bauman (1992). Internal consistency is low, with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.55, indicating poor item cohesion, likely due to the diverse dimensions of gender stereotyping (e.g., relational vs. responsibility roles) or cultural variability among African-American males. Test-retest reliability is not reported, but stability is assumed to be modest based on its use in targeted studies.
Convergent validity is supported by correlations with related constructs, such as attitudes toward dating violence (r ≈ 0.40-0.60), and its association with traditional masculinity norms, as seen in Foshee’s research. Discriminant validity is implied by weaker correlations with unrelated constructs, such as academic motivation (r < 0.30). Criterion validity is evidenced by its ability to predict behaviors linked to gender stereotypes, such as male aggression in relationships, and its relevance to interventions like Safe Dates. No factor analyses are reported to confirm its structure, and the low alpha suggests cautious interpretation. These properties indicate the scale’s utility is best suited for exploratory research in specific contexts.
Available Versions
07-Items
Reference
Gunter, B., & Wober, M. (1982). Television viewing and perceptions of women’s roles on television and in real life. Current Psychological Reviews, 2(4), 277-288.
Foshee, V., & Bauman, K. (1992). Gender stereotyping and adolescent sexual behavior: A test of temporal order 1. Journal of applied social psychology, 22(20), 1561-1579.
Important Link
Scale File:
Frequently Asked Questions
What does the Gender Stereotyping scale measure?
It measures attitudes toward traditional gender roles in relationships and responsibilities.
Who can use the scale?
Researchers, psychologists, and educators studying gender attitudes in African-American male youth.
How long does the scale take to complete?
It takes about 5-7 minutes.
Is the scale specific to African-American males?
Yes, it was validated for males aged 12-16 in urban settings.
Can the scale inform violence prevention?
Yes, it identifies stereotypes linked to aggression, but low reliability requires caution.
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