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Attitudes Toward Self (ATS)
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About Attitudes Toward Self (ATS)
Scale Name
Author Details
Carver, C. S.
Translation Availability
Not Sure
Background/Description
The Attitudes Toward Self (ATS) An instrument measures three constructs: the holding of overly high standards; the tendency to be self-critical at any failure to perform well; and the tendency to generalize from a single failure to the broader sense of self-worth. Very consistently, the only generalization has uniquely related to depression (see Carver et al. 1988 reference below). Evidence that generalization is a prospective predictor of depression in interaction with adverse events has also been found. More recently, it has been found that generalization relates to depression but not mania, suggesting a divergence among vulnerabilities to the two sides of bipolar disorder.
The Attitudes Toward Self (ATS) was designed to measure three potential self-regulatory vulnerabilities to depression.
Administration, Scoring and Interpretation
- The ATS usually consists of 10 short statements.
- You’ll be asked to rate your level of agreement with each statement on a designated scale. This scale might be a Likert scale, where options range from “Strongly Disagree” to “Strongly Agree.”
Reliability and Validity
The three scales of the ATS are factorially distinct, and several samples have demonstrated their predictive relevance for concurrent depression. Alpha reliabilities in these samples were on average .76 for the High Standards Scale, .78 for the Self Criticism Scale, and .78 for the Generalization Scale. In this sample, women reported a stronger tendency towards Generalization.
Available Versions
10-Items
Reference
- Eisner, L. R., Johnson, S. L., & Carver, C. S. (2008). Cognitive responses to failure and success relate uniquely to bipolar depression versus mania. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117, 154-163.
- Carver, C. S., & Johnson, S. L. (2009). Tendencies toward mania and tendencies toward depression have distinct motivational, affective, and cognitive correlates. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 33, 552-569.
- Carver, C. S. (1998). Generalization, adverse events, and the development of depressive symptoms. Journal of Personality, 66, 609-620.
- Carver, C. S., La Voie, L., Kuhl, J., & Ganellen, R. J. (1988). Cognitive concomitants of depression: A further examination of the roles of generalization, high standards, and self-criticism. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 7, 350-365.
- Hayes, A. M., Harris, M. S., & Carver, C. S. (2004). Predictors of self-esteem variability. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 28, 369-385
Important Link
Scale File:
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the ATS?
A psychological tool to measure thinking patterns linked to depression.
What does it assess?
Three vulnerabilities: High Standards, Self-Criticism, Negative Generalization.
How is it administered?
Self-report format, usually 10 statements with a Likert scale.
How is it scored?
Points for agreement with positive statements, reversed scoring for negative ones (reflecting higher vulnerability).
Who interprets the results?
A qualified mental health professional.
Is it a depression diagnosis tool?
No, it helps identify risk factors alongside other assessments.
Is it reliable and valid?
Generally yes, measures internal consistency, content, convergent, and discriminant validity.
Are there limitations?
Yes, specific properties may vary depending on the ATS version and population.
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