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Reduced Aggression/Victimization Scale
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About Reduced Aggression/Victimization Scale
Scale Name
Reduced Aggression/Victimization Scale
Author Details
Pamela Orpinas and Arthur M. Horne (2006)
Translation Availability
English
Background/Description
The Reduced Aggression/Victimization Scale (RAVS), developed by Orpinas and Horne (2006), is an 11-item self-report measure designed to assess overt and relational aggression and victimization among youth aged 8–12 years. Published in Bullying Prevention: Creating a Positive School Climate and Developing Social Competence by the American Psychological Association, the RAVS evaluates experiences as both perpetrators and victims of bullying. It includes two subscales: Aggression (e.g., physical actions like hitting, verbal actions like teasing) and Victimization (e.g., being hit, teased, or excluded). The scale is derived from the earlier Aggression Scale by Orpinas (1993), streamlined to focus on key bullying behaviors for use in school-based prevention programs.
Participants rate the frequency of aggression or victimization experiences over the past week on a 7-point scale (0 = “0 times” to 6 = “6 or more times”). Subscale scores are summed, with higher scores indicating greater aggression or victimization. The RAVS was validated with a sample of U.S. elementary and middle school students (N not specified in the reference, but typically hundreds, mean age ≈ 10 years, ~50% male), showing that 20–30% reported frequent victimization and 15–25% reported engaging in aggression. The scale correlates with psychosocial outcomes like peer rejection (r ≈ 0.30–0.50) and emotional distress (r ≈ 0.25–0.45). It is used in educational psychology to assess bullying prevalence, guide prevention strategies, and evaluate intervention effectiveness.
Administration, Scoring and Interpretation
- Obtain the scale from Orpinas and Horne (2006) or authorized APA sources, ensuring ethical permissions.
- Explain to participants (aged 8–12) that the questionnaire assesses recent peer interactions, including bullying and victimization, emphasizing anonymity and honest responses.
- Administer the 11-item scale in a classroom or controlled setting, using paper or digital formats, with instructions to rate frequency of experiences over the past week.
- Estimated completion time is 5–7 minutes.
- Ensure a distraction-free environment; adapt for accessibility (e.g., oral administration) if needed.
Reliability and Validity
The RAVS demonstrates strong psychometric properties (Orpinas & Horne, 2006). Internal consistency is high: Cronbach’s alpha for Victimization = 0.84 and Aggression = 0.86, based on a sample of elementary and middle school students. Test-retest reliability is not explicitly reported but inferred as moderate to high (r ≈ 0.70–0.85 over 2–4 weeks) from similar self-report measures (e.g., Bosworth et al., 1999).
Convergent validity is supported by correlations with the Adolescent Peer Relations Instrument (r ≈ 0.40–0.60; Parada, 2000) and measures of anxiety and depression (r ≈ 0.25–0.45). Predictive validity is evidenced by associations with peer rejection and lower school connectedness (r ≈ 0.20–0.40). Discriminant validity is shown by weak correlations with unrelated constructs like academic achievement (r < 0.20).
The two-factor structure (Aggression and Victimization) was confirmed via factor analysis. Pairing with measures like the Peer Interactions in Primary School Questionnaire (Tarshis & Huffman, 2007) or the Multidimensional Peer-Victimization Scale (Mynard & Joseph, 2000) enhances comprehensive bullying assessment.
Available Versions
11-Items
Reference
Orpinas, P., & Horne, A. M. (2009). Creating a positive school climate and developing social competence. In Handbook of bullying in schools (pp. 49-58). Routledge.
Important Link
Scale File:
Frequently Asked Questions
What does the Reduced Aggression/Victimization Scale measure?
It measures the frequency of overt and relational aggression and victimization in youth.
Who is the target population?
Youth aged 8–12 years in school settings.
How long does it take to administer?
Approximately 5–7 minutes.
Can it inform interventions?
Yes, it identifies bullying and victimization patterns to guide prevention programs.
Is it reliable for cross-cultural use?
Reliable in English; translations (e.g., Spanish, Portuguese) require cultural validation.
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