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Parental Supervision – Rochester Youth Development Study
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About Parental Supervision – Rochester Youth Development Study
Scale Name
Parental Supervision – Rochester Youth Development Study
Author Details
Beth Bjerregaard and Carolyn A. Smith (1993)
Translation Availability
English
Background/Description
The Parental Supervision – Rochester Youth Development Study, developed by Beth Bjerregaard and Carolyn A. Smith in 1993, is a youth-report questionnaire designed to measure the extent to which youths feel their parents are aware of their whereabouts, friends, and activities. Targeting youths initially in grades 7-8 (ages 12-14) in 1988, with longitudinal follow-up into adulthood, the scale was part of the Rochester Youth Development Study, a longitudinal study of delinquency and protective factors in urban settings. Cited in Dahlberg et al. (2005), it aligns with social control theory (Hirschi, 1969), assessing how parental monitoring serves as a protective factor against delinquent behaviors.
The scale comprises 5 items rated on a 4-point Likert scale (1 = “never” to 4 = “always”). Examples include “My parents know where I am after school” and “My parents know who my friends are.” Scores are summed (range: 5-20), with higher scores indicating greater perceived parental supervision. Validated in urban samples, it is used to assess parental monitoring, predict delinquency, and inform family-based interventions.
Psychologists, family researchers, and public health professionals use the scale to evaluate youths’ perceptions of parental oversight, study protective factors, and design prevention programs. Its brevity is a strength, but low internal consistency and youth-only perspective limit reliability and comprehensive assessment. English-only availability may restrict cross-cultural use.
Administration, Scoring and Interpretation
- Obtain a copy of the scale from authorized sources, such as Dahlberg et al. (2005) Measuring Violence-Related Attitudes, Behaviors, and Influences Among Youths or Rochester Youth Development Study publications, ensuring ethical use permissions.
- Explain the purpose to respondents, noting that it assesses perceptions of parental awareness to support positive development, emphasizing anonymity and using age-appropriate, non-judgmental language.
- Provide instructions, asking youths to rate the frequency of parental awareness of their activities, friends, and whereabouts over the past month, using the 4-point scale.
- Approximate time for completion is 1-2 minutes, given the 5-item format.
- Administer in a school or research setting, using paper or digital formats, ensuring a private environment. Oral administration may be used for youths with reading difficulties.
Reliability and Validity
The Parental Supervision – Rochester Youth Development Study has limited psychometric properties, as reported in Dahlberg et al. (2005). Internal consistency is low, with Cronbach’s alpha of 0.56, indicating poor item cohesion, likely due to the small number of items and variability in youth perceptions. Test-retest reliability is not reported, but stability is inferred to be moderate based on similar supervision measures (r ≈ 0.50-0.70 over weeks).
Convergent validity is supported by correlations with related constructs, such as reduced delinquency (r ≈ -0.20 to -0.40) and parental involvement (r ≈ 0.30-0.50). Discriminant validity is inferred from weaker correlations with unrelated constructs, like academic performance (r < 0.30). Criterion validity is demonstrated by its use in predicting delinquency outcomes in longitudinal studies. Factor analyses are not detailed, but the scale’s unidimensional focus supports construct validity. The low reliability necessitates cautious use, ideally paired with validated measures like Parental Involvement (Gorman-Smith et al., 1996).
Available Versions
04-Items
Reference
Dahlberg, L. L., Toal, S. B., Swahn, M. H., & Behrens, C. B. (2005). Measuring violence-related attitudes, behaviors, and influences among youths: A compendium of assessment tools. Centers for disease control and prevention.
Important Link
Scale File:
Frequently Asked Questions
What does the Parental Supervision – Rochester Youth Development Study measure?
It measures youths’ perceptions of parental awareness of their whereabouts, friends, and activities.
Who can use the scale?
Psychologists, family researchers, and public health professionals studying youths.
How long does the scale take to complete?
It takes about 1-2 minutes.
Is the scale specific to certain groups?
It targets urban youths initially in grades 7-8.
Can the scale inform interventions?
Yes, but low reliability (α = 0.56) suggests use with validated measures.
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