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Academic Helplessness Scale
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About Academic Helplessness Scale
As a measure to identify teachers’ labeling of students, teachers’ ratings of participants’ academic engagement was assessed using the Academic Helplessness Scale (Nolen-Hoeksema, Girgus, & Seligman, 1992, Rudolph, Kurlakowsky, Conley, 2001) at Time 1 and Time 3. For each of the 12 items, teachers rated (1 = not true to 5 = very true) students’ tendency toward helpless behavior in the context of schoolwork (i.e. “Takes little independent initiative; you must help him/her get started and keep going on an assignment.” “When s/he begins a difficult problem, his/her attempts are half-hearted.”). Scores were calculated as the mean of the 12 items.
Higher scores represent more helpless academic behavior. In this study, these ratings of helpless behavior are believed to be proxies of teacher perceptions of poor students. Teachers also rated students’ academic effort (i.e. “Works hard academically.”) versus their academic performance (i.e. “Performs well academically.”) at Time 1 and Time 3, with teacher ratings of poor effort and performance, again, being indicators of negative teacher perceptions.

Academic Helplessness Scale
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