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Fanship Scale
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About Fanship Scale
Scale Name
Fanship Scale
Author Details
Reysen, S., and Branscombe, N. R.
Translation Availability
Not Sure
Background/Description
Psychological research on fans has been almost entirely focused on sports fans, with a few studies on celebrity worship being the exception (Maltby, Day, McCutcheon, Houran, & Ashe, 2006). Yet, any individual who is an enthusiastic, ardent, and loyal admirer of interest can be reasonably considered a ‘fan.’
Accordingly, the term fan can be used to describe individuals who are devoted to a myriad of interests, not only sports teams and celebrities. Due to the specific wording of past sports fan identity measures (Fisher & Wakefield, 1998; Heere, 2005; Wann, 2002; Wann & Branscombe, 1993), a new measure of fanship that is broad enough to measure identification with any interest was constructed; the Fanship Scale.
The Fanship Scale was developed to measure the degree of identification and involvement individuals have with a particular sports team or non-sport interest. The scale distinguishes between two key concepts: fanship (personal interest or attachment to a team or event) and fandom (active participation in fan communities). It allows researchers and practitioners to understand the psychological components that drive fan behavior and emotional investment.
Fanship refers specifically to the personal attachment one has toward a team, sport, or other types of entertainment interests. This differs from fandom, which encompasses the broader culture and community involvement associated with fan behaviors. The scale is particularly useful in studies of sport psychology, consumer behavior, and social identity theory.
Administration, Scoring and Interpretation
- The Fanship Scale can be administered to sports fans, non-sports fans, or anyone involved in fandoms. It is primarily used in research studies to assess psychological involvement with specific fan-based activities.
- The scale is composed of Likert-type items where participants rate their agreement with statements regarding their level of emotional engagement and attachment to a team, event, or interest.
- The Fanship Scale is self-administered and can be conducted online or in paper format.
- Participants are asked to reflect on their personal feelings of connection, attachment, and emotional investment in a fan-related context (e.g., a sports team or specific form of entertainment).
- Participants respond to items on a scale, typically ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 7 (strongly agree), assessing the intensity of their personal identification and emotional attachment to a fan object (team, event, etc.).
- The total score reflects the individual’s level of fanship, with higher scores indicating stronger emotional investment and personal attachment.
- Higher scores on the scale suggest greater emotional engagement and personal attachment to the fan object.
Lower scores indicate less personal involvement, distinguishing casual interest from deep emotional ties.
Reliability and Validity
The Fanship Scale was once again internally consistent and, as expected, moderately correlated with the Sport Spectator Identification Scale (SSIS) ([alpha] = .81). This lends convergent validity, as both assess the degree of identification with a sports team. Divergent validity was shown with a non-significant correlation with the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability (MCSD scale).
Also, marginally significant positive correlations were found for how many hours a month they participated in their fan interest (r = .21, p = .066), and the number of friends they have that also like their fan interest (r =. 19,p = .088). Additionally, the Fanship Scale was significantly negatively related to the close personal distance measure (r = -.24, p = .035). In effect, greater fanship was related to more fan behavior, and a greater desire to keep non-fans at a distance from one’s life. The results provide initial criterion validity for the Fanship Scale evidenced by the correlations with real-life behaviors.
Available Versions
11-Items
Reference
Important Link
Scale File:
Frequently Asked Questions
Q: What does the Fanship Scale measure?
A: The Fanship Scale measures the degree of personal attachment and emotional investment an individual has toward a fan object, such as a sports team, event, or entertainment interest.
Q: What’s the difference between fanship and fandom?
A: Fanship refers to the personal emotional connection to a team or interest, while fandom involves the broader community and social engagement within fan groups.
Q: Who can use the Fanship Scale?
A: The scale is useful for researchers in sports psychology, social psychology, and consumer behavior to assess the intensity of fans’ emotional attachment.
Q: How is the Fanship Scale administered?
A: The scale is self-administered, and participants rate their emotional attachment to a fan object on a Likert-type scale.
Q: What does a high score on the Fanship Scale indicate?
A: A high score indicates strong emotional attachment and personal involvement with a fan object, such as a favorite team or form of entertainment.
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